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时态
Tenses
9
一般现在时
Simple Present Tense
一般将来时
Simple Future Tense
一般过去时
Simple Past Tense
现在完成时
Present Perfect Tense
现在完成进行时
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
过去完成时
Past Perfect Tense
现在进行时
Present Continuous Tense
过去进行时
Past Continuous Tense
将来进行时
Future Continuous Tense
从句
Clauses
7
定语从句
Relative Clauses
名词性从句
Noun Clauses
状语从句
Adverbial Clauses
宾语从句
Object Clauses
主语从句
Subject Clauses
同位语从句
Appositive Clauses
条件状语从句
Conditional Clauses
非谓语动词
Non-finite Verbs
6
动名词
Gerunds
不定式
Infinitives
现在分词
Present Participles
过去分词
Past Participles
非谓语作主语
Non-finite as Subject
非谓语作状语
Non-finite as Adverbial
句子结构
Sentence Structures
4
主谓宾结构
SVO Structure
并列句
Compound Sentences
复合句
Complex Sentences
平行结构
Parallel Structures
学术写作
Academic Writing
5
正式语气
Formal Tone
避免口语化
Avoiding Informal Language
学术句型
Academic Sentence Patterns
段落结构
Paragraph Structure
论证表达
Argumentative Structures
PTE 高频语法
PTE Grammar Patterns
4
Essay 高频句型
Essay Structures
SST 学术句型
SST Academic Structures
WFD 高频结构
WFD Sentence Patterns
Speaking 常用表达
Speaking Structures
PTE 高频语法
PTE Grammar Patterns
Intermediate to Advanced
SST 学术句型
SST Academic Structures
本课聚焦 PTE Academic 中 Summarize Spoken Text（SST）常用的学术句型，帮助中国考生把听到的口语讲座内容转化为逻辑清晰、语法准确、表达正式的书面摘要。SST 不要求逐字复述，而要求用 academic reporting structures 概括核心观点、原因、结果、对比和例证。掌握这些句型可以提升内容组织、语法多样性和学术表达准确度，同时也适用于 IELTS Listening summary、Writing Task 2 以及学术类口语表达。
核心语法结构
Grammar Formula
The speaker discusses / argues / explains + noun phrase / that-clause, emphasizing + key idea, while also mentioning + supporting detail.
PTE 高频程度
Very High
AI 学习推荐
Core Grammar
适用考试
PTE / IELTS
语法结构
Grammar Structure
结构公式
The speaker discusses / argues / explains + noun phrase / that-clause, emphasizing + key idea, while also mentioning + supporting detail.
SST 摘要通常使用第三人称客观转述结构，即 reporting verb 加名词短语或 that-clause。核心语法包括：主句用于交代讲者的主要观点，非谓语结构如 emphasizing、highlighting、suggesting 用于补充重点，while / whereas / although 用于连接对比信息，because / due to / as a result 用于表达因果关系。中国考生需要注意，SST 应避免使用口语化表达和第一人称评论，例如 I think 或 in my opinion，而应使用正式、简洁、客观的 academic structures。
The speaker explains that urbanization has significantly changed social interaction, emphasizing the growing importance of public infrastructure.
讲者解释说，城市化已经显著改变了社会互动，并强调公共基础设施日益增长的重要性。
The lecture focuses on the relationship between economic growth and environmental pressure, while also mentioning the need for sustainable policies.
该讲座重点讨论经济增长与环境压力之间的关系，同时也提到了可持续政策的必要性。
The speaker argues that technological innovation can improve productivity, but it may also create new challenges for employment.
讲者认为，技术创新可以提高生产力，但也可能给就业带来新的挑战。
使用场景
Usage Scenarios
概括讲座主题
当音频开头介绍主题或中心问题时，可使用 discuss、focus on、deal with、be concerned with 等 academic reporting verbs。该结构适合 SST 第一陈述句，用来快速建立摘要的主题范围。
The speaker discusses the impact of climate change on agricultural production.
讲者讨论了气候变化对农业生产的影响。
The lecture focuses on how education systems respond to technological change.
该讲座重点说明教育体系如何应对技术变化。
转述核心观点
当讲者表达判断、解释原因或提出论点时，应使用 argue that、claim that、suggest that、point out that 等结构。此类 that-clause 可以帮助考生准确表达完整观点，避免句子碎片化。
The speaker argues that renewable energy is essential for reducing long-term environmental risks.
讲者认为，可再生能源对于降低长期环境风险至关重要。
The lecturer points out that population growth places increasing pressure on public services.
讲者指出，人口增长给公共服务带来了越来越大的压力。
表达原因与结果
SST 中经常出现 because、therefore、as a result、lead to、contribute to 等因果信息。正式摘要中可使用 due to、as a consequence、result in、be associated with 等结构，使表达更学术化。
The speaker explains that rising temperatures may result in lower crop yields in vulnerable regions.
讲者解释说，气温上升可能导致脆弱地区的农作物产量下降。
Economic inequality can contribute to social instability and reduced access to education.
经济不平等可能导致社会不稳定，并减少受教育机会。
连接对比信息
如果音频中出现不同观点、利弊分析或过去与现在的比较，可使用 while、whereas、although、however、in contrast 等结构。SST 摘要中对比句应保持简洁，避免堆砌过多细节。
While digital communication improves efficiency, it may reduce face-to-face interaction.
虽然数字交流提高了效率，但它可能减少面对面互动。
Traditional industries rely on manual labor, whereas modern industries increasingly depend on automation.
传统产业依赖人工劳动，而现代产业越来越依赖自动化。
整合例子与细节
SST 不需要列出所有例子，但可以用 including、such as、particularly、for example 等结构选择性加入关键例证。例子必须服务于主题，不能取代中心观点。
The speaker mentions several environmental challenges, including air pollution, water scarcity, and habitat loss.
讲者提到了几项环境挑战，包括空气污染、水资源短缺和栖息地丧失。
The lecture refers to public health measures such as vaccination programs and disease monitoring.
该讲座提到了公共卫生措施，例如疫苗接种项目和疾病监测。
常见错误
Common Mistakes
Incorrect
❌ The speaker said about climate change affects agriculture.
Correct
✅ The speaker talked about how climate change affects agriculture.
say 后面不能直接接 about 加完整观点。可以使用 talk about + noun phrase，或 say that + clause。中国考生常把“说到关于”直译为 said about，导致结构错误。
Incorrect
❌ The lecture is mainly talk about education.
Correct
✅ The lecture mainly talks about education.
一般现在时中，主语 the lecture 是第三人称单数，动词应使用 talks。若使用 be 动词，则应改为 The lecture is mainly about education。不要把 be 动词和实义动词原形直接连用。
Incorrect
❌ The speaker mentioned that the technology improve productivity.
Correct
✅ The speaker mentioned that technology improves productivity.
technology 作为不可数或抽象名词时通常不加 the，且在一般现在时中作第三人称单数主语，动词应为 improves。SST 中常用一般现在时总结普遍观点。
Incorrect
❌ Because the population is increasing, so the government needs more resources.
Correct
✅ Because the population is increasing, the government needs more resources.
英文中 because 和 so 通常不能在同一个主从复合句中重复表达因果。中文习惯说“因为……所以……”，但英文只需保留 because 或 so 其中一个。
Incorrect
❌ The speaker explains the climate change is serious.
Correct
✅ The speaker explains that climate change is serious.
explain 后接完整句子时需要 that-clause。缺少 that 虽然在某些口语中可省略，但考试写作中保留 that 更清晰、更正式。
Incorrect
❌ There has many reasons for this problem.
Correct
✅ There are many reasons for this problem.
there be 结构中不能用 there has 表示“有”。many reasons 是复数，所以应使用 there are。该错误常受中文“有很多原因”影响。
Incorrect
❌ The speaker gave many informations about health.
Correct
✅ The speaker gave a lot of information about health.
information 是不可数名词，不能加 s，也不能直接与 many 搭配。应使用 much information、a lot of information 或 several pieces of information。
Incorrect
❌ Although technology is useful, but it also causes problems.
Correct
✅ Although technology is useful, it also causes problems.
although 和 but 不能在同一个让步复合句中同时使用。中文“虽然……但是……”不能逐字翻译成 although...but。
学术表达
Academic Patterns
The speaker discusses the relationship between A and B.
讲者讨论了 A 与 B 之间的关系。
The lecture focuses on the impact of A on B.
该讲座重点讨论 A 对 B 的影响。
The speaker argues that A plays a crucial role in B.
讲者认为 A 在 B 中起着关键作用。
The lecturer points out that A is closely associated with B.
讲者指出 A 与 B 密切相关。
A has led to significant changes in B.
A 已经导致 B 发生显著变化。
A can contribute to B by improving C.
A 可以通过改善 C 来促进 B。
While A offers several benefits, it also raises concerns about B.
虽然 A 带来若干好处，但它也引发了关于 B 的担忧。
The speaker highlights the importance of A in addressing B.
讲者强调了 A 在解决 B 方面的重要性。
This issue is particularly relevant to A because of B.
由于 B，这一问题与 A 尤其相关。
The lecture concludes by emphasizing the need for A.
该讲座最后强调了对 A 的需求。
PTE 高频应用
PTE Usage
SST 是 PTE 中最依赖学术转述能力的题型之一。考生需要在 50 到 70 词左右的摘要中呈现主题、主要观点和关键细节，因此高频使用 reporting structures、cause-and-effect structures、contrast structures 和 noun phrases。准确使用这些句型有助于提高 grammar、form、content 和 vocabulary 评分。句子不宜过长，建议使用 2 到 3 个结构稳定的复合句，而不是多个短句或一个过度复杂的长句。
Summarize Spoken Text
Write From Dictation
Listening Fill in the Blanks
Reading and Writing Fill in the Blanks
Summarize Written Text
Essay Writing
高频搭配
Common Collocations
social interaction
社会互动
economic growth
经济增长
environmental pressure
环境压力
sustainable development
可持续发展
public infrastructure
公共基础设施
technological innovation
技术创新
educational outcomes
教育成果
healthcare services
医疗服务
policy implementation
政策实施
long-term consequences
长期后果
academic performance
学业表现
cultural diversity
文化多样性
AI 学习建议
AI Learning Tips
写 SST 时先确定讲座主题，再选择一个 reporting verb，例如 discusses、explains、argues 或 highlights。不要每次都使用 says，因为它不够学术。
优先使用名词短语压缩信息，例如 the impact of climate change on agriculture，比 climate change affects agriculture and this is important 更正式。
如果听到多个细节，只保留与主旨直接相关的 2 到 3 个关键词，避免把摘要写成信息清单。
句子结构建议采用：主题句 + 因果或对比句 + 总结句。这样既能覆盖内容，又能保持语法稳定。
避免在 SST 中加入个人判断，例如 I believe、I agree 或 from my perspective。SST 是客观摘要，不是议论文。
AI 练习题
Practice Questions
将句子改写为更适合 SST 的学术表达：The man talks about cities and people have many problems because cities are growing.
答案：The speaker discusses the challenges caused by urban growth, particularly its impact on residents and public services.
用 while 连接两个观点：Online learning is convenient. It may reduce classroom interaction.
答案：While online learning is convenient, it may reduce classroom interaction.
选择合适的 reporting verb 完成句子：The speaker ______ that renewable energy can reduce environmental damage.
答案：The speaker argues that renewable energy can reduce environmental damage. 也可以使用 explains、suggests 或 points out，具体取决于音频语气。
纠正语法错误：Because technology is developing rapidly, so many jobs are changing.
答案：Because technology is developing rapidly, many jobs are changing.
把中文翻译成英文：讲者强调教育在减少社会不平等方面的重要性。
答案：The speaker emphasizes the importance of education in reducing social inequality.
用 result in 改写：Climate change causes extreme weather events.
答案：Climate change can result in extreme weather events.
将口语化表达改为学术摘要句：The lecture says a lot of things about health and food.
答案：The lecture focuses on the relationship between diet and public health.
完成 SST 句型：The speaker discusses the impact of artificial intelligence on employment, while also mentioning ______.
答案：The speaker discusses the impact of artificial intelligence on employment, while also mentioning the need for workers to develop new skills.