LoftyPTELoftyPTE
DashboardClassroomLiveStudy PlanMy PracticeMock TestVocabularyGrammarAnalyticsSettings
LoftyPTELoftyPTE
Dashboard
Classroom
Live
Study Plan
PTE Question Bank
IELTS Question Bank
My Practice
Mock Test
Vocabulary
Grammar
Analytics
Settings
grammar
parallel-structures
Grammar Hub
AI 英语语法知识库
时态
Tenses
9
一般现在时
Simple Present Tense
一般将来时
Simple Future Tense
一般过去时
Simple Past Tense
现在完成时
Present Perfect Tense
现在完成进行时
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
过去完成时
Past Perfect Tense
现在进行时
Present Continuous Tense
过去进行时
Past Continuous Tense
将来进行时
Future Continuous Tense
从句
Clauses
7
定语从句
Relative Clauses
名词性从句
Noun Clauses
状语从句
Adverbial Clauses
宾语从句
Object Clauses
主语从句
Subject Clauses
同位语从句
Appositive Clauses
条件状语从句
Conditional Clauses
非谓语动词
Non-finite Verbs
6
动名词
Gerunds
不定式
Infinitives
现在分词
Present Participles
过去分词
Past Participles
非谓语作主语
Non-finite as Subject
非谓语作状语
Non-finite as Adverbial
句子结构
Sentence Structures
4
主谓宾结构
SVO Structure
并列句
Compound Sentences
复合句
Complex Sentences
平行结构
Parallel Structures
学术写作
Academic Writing
5
正式语气
Formal Tone
避免口语化
Avoiding Informal Language
学术句型
Academic Sentence Patterns
段落结构
Paragraph Structure
论证表达
Argumentative Structures
PTE 高频语法
PTE Grammar Patterns
4
Essay 高频句型
Essay Structures
SST 学术句型
SST Academic Structures
WFD 高频结构
WFD Sentence Patterns
Speaking 常用表达
Speaking Structures
句子结构
Sentence Structures
Intermediate
平行结构
Parallel Structures
平行结构（Parallel Structures）是指在同一句话中，将语法功能相同、逻辑地位相同的词、短语或从句使用相同或相近的语法形式表达。它常用于并列信息、比较关系、列举观点、学术写作和口语回答中。对于准备 PTE Academic 和 IELTS 的中国学习者来说，掌握平行结构可以显著提升句子的清晰度、逻辑性和语言自然度，尤其有助于提高 Writing 中的 grammatical range and accuracy，以及 Speaking 中的 fluency 和 coherence。
核心语法结构
Grammar Formula
A and B / A, B, and C；not only A but also B；either A or B；both A and B；rather than A, B；the more A, the more B
PTE 高频程度
High
AI 学习推荐
Core Grammar
适用考试
PTE / IELTS
语法结构
Grammar Structure
结构公式
A and B / A, B, and C；not only A but also B；either A or B；both A and B；rather than A, B；the more A, the more B
平行结构的核心原则是：并列成分在语法形式上要保持一致。如果第一个成分是名词，后面的并列成分通常也应是名词；如果第一个成分是动名词（gerund），后面也应使用动名词；如果第一个成分是不定式（to-infinitive），后面也应使用不定式；如果第一个成分是从句，后面也应保持从句结构。平行结构不仅适用于简单的 and、or、but，也常见于 not only...but also、either...or、both...and、rather than、as well as 等连接结构中。在学术英语中，平行结构能帮助考生更准确地表达原因、结果、对比、趋势和解决方案。
The policy aims to reduce pollution, improve public health, and promote sustainable development.
该政策旨在减少污染、改善公共健康并促进可持续发展。
Students need not only academic knowledge but also practical skills.
学生不仅需要学术知识，也需要实践技能。
Online learning is flexible, accessible, and cost-effective.
在线学习灵活、易获得且具有成本效益。
使用场景
Usage Scenarios
用于列举多个观点或原因
在 IELTS Writing Task 2 和 PTE Essay 中，考生经常需要列举多个原因、影响或解决方案。使用平行结构可以让观点更整齐、更有逻辑，避免句子显得松散。
Urbanization can create job opportunities, stimulate economic growth, and improve access to public services.
城市化可以创造就业机会、刺激经济增长并改善公共服务的可及性。
Governments should invest in education, strengthen healthcare systems, and protect vulnerable groups.
政府应投资教育、加强医疗体系并保护弱势群体。
用于比较与对比
当句子需要比较两个对象时，平行结构可以确保比较对象一致，避免出现逻辑错误。学术写作中特别强调 comparable items，即被比较的内容必须属于同一语法和逻辑层级。
The study compares the effectiveness of online instruction with that of face-to-face teaching.
该研究比较了在线教学与面对面教学的有效性。
Public transport is often cheaper than driving a private car.
公共交通通常比驾驶私家车更便宜。
用于强调双重关系
not only...but also、both...and、either...or、neither...nor 等结构要求前后成分保持平行。这些表达在 PTE Writing 和 IELTS Writing 中可以增强句子的层次感和正式度。
This approach is not only efficient but also environmentally friendly.
这种方法不仅高效，而且环保。
The programme benefits both local residents and international students.
该项目既惠及当地居民，也惠及国际学生。
用于提升口语回答的流利度
在 PTE Describe Image、Retell Lecture 和 IELTS Speaking Part 2 中，平行结构可以帮助考生快速组织连续信息，使回答更自然、更连贯。
The chart shows a rise in production, a decline in costs, and a steady increase in profits.
该图表显示产量上升、成本下降以及利润稳步增加。
The speaker mentioned the causes of climate change, the impact on coastal cities, and the need for international cooperation.
讲话者提到了气候变化的原因、其对沿海城市的影响以及国际合作的必要性。
常见错误
Common Mistakes
Incorrect
❌ The course helps students to improve grammar, writing essays, and speaking fluently.
Correct
✅ The course helps students improve grammar, write essays, and speak fluently.
错误句中并列成分分别是名词 grammar、动名词 writing 和动名词短语 speaking fluently，形式不统一。正确句使用三个动词原形 improve、write 和 speak，与 helps students 后的结构保持一致。
Incorrect
❌ The government should reduce taxes and investment in education.
Correct
✅ The government should reduce taxes and invest in education.
错误句把动词 reduce 和名词 investment 并列，导致结构不平行。正确句使用两个动词 reduce 和 invest，使两个政策行为保持同一语法层级。
Incorrect
❌ Learning a language requires patience, practice, and to communicate with others.
Correct
✅ Learning a language requires patience, practice, and communication with others.
错误句将名词 patience、practice 与不定式 to communicate 并列，形式不一致。正确句将第三项改为名词 communication，使三个并列成分都为名词。
Incorrect
❌ This solution is not only practical but also reduces costs.
Correct
✅ This solution is not only practical but also cost-effective.
not only...but also 连接的内容应保持平行。错误句中 practical 是形容词，而 reduces costs 是动词短语。正确句使用两个形容词 practical 和 cost-effective，使结构更自然。
Incorrect
❌ The data indicate that unemployment rose, inflation increased, and the economy was unstable.
Correct
✅ The data indicate that unemployment rose, inflation increased, and economic instability intensified.
错误句中前两个成分是主语加动词结构，而第三个成分是完整从句，虽然语义可理解，但学术表达不够整齐。正确句使用三个名词性主语加动词的结构，使数据描述更统一。
Incorrect
❌ Compared with 2010, the population in 2020 was higher.
Correct
✅ Compared with the population in 2010, the population in 2020 was higher.
错误句表面上是在比较年份和人口，属于比较对象不平行。正确句明确比较的是 2010 年的人口和 2020 年的人口。
学术表达
Academic Patterns
This policy aims to + verb, + verb, and + verb.
该政策旨在……、……并……。
The study examines not only + noun phrase but also + noun phrase.
该研究不仅考察……，也考察……。
A is associated with + noun, + noun, and + noun.
A 与……、……和……有关。
There is a need to + verb and to + verb.
有必要……并……。
The findings suggest that + clause, that + clause, and that + clause.
研究结果表明……、……并且……。
Compared with + noun phrase, + noun phrase is more likely to + verb.
与……相比，……更有可能……。
The more + clause, the more + clause.
越……，就越……。
This approach is both + adjective and + adjective.
这种方法既……又……。
PTE 高频应用
PTE Usage
平行结构在 PTE Academic 中出现频率较高，尤其影响 Writing 和 Speaking 的语法准确性、流利度和内容组织。在 Summarize Written Text 中，考生需要把多个信息点压缩到一个复杂句中，平行结构可以帮助连接原因、结果和例证。在 Write Essay 中，平行结构能让论点更清晰，减少语法错误。在 Retell Lecture 和 Describe Image 中，考生可用平行结构快速表达多个趋势、特征或观点。
Write Essay
Summarize Written Text
Retell Lecture
Describe Image
Summarize Spoken Text
Reading and Writing: Fill in the Blanks
高频搭配
Common Collocations
reduce costs, improve efficiency, and enhance quality
降低成本、提高效率并提升质量
economic growth, social stability, and environmental protection
经济增长、社会稳定和环境保护
collect data, analyse results, and draw conclusions
收集数据、分析结果并得出结论
a clear, logical, and persuasive argument
清晰、合乎逻辑且有说服力的论点
access to education, healthcare, and employment
获得教育、医疗和就业机会
not only feasible but also sustainable
不仅可行，而且可持续
both short-term benefits and long-term consequences
短期利益和长期后果
either government intervention or market-based solutions
政府干预或市场化解决方案
AI 学习建议
AI Learning Tips
检查并列连词 and、or、but 前后的词性是否一致：名词对名词，动词对动词，形容词对形容词，从句对从句。
使用 not only...but also 时，先确定 not only 后面的语法形式，再让 but also 后面的内容与之匹配。
写 PTE Essay 时，可以有意识地使用三项并列结构，例如 reduce, improve, and promote，以增强论证的节奏感。
做 Summarize Written Text 时，如果原文包含多个并列信息，可以用平行结构压缩成一个清晰的复合句。
避免把动作和名词混合并列，例如 improve education and healthcare reform；应改为 improve education and reform healthcare，或 improvements in education and reforms in healthcare。
进行比较时要确认比较对象属于同一类别，例如不能直接比较 a city 和 population，应比较 the population of one city 和 that of another city。
AI 练习题
Practice Questions
改正句子：The programme encourages students to think critically, communication effectively, and solving problems independently.
答案：The programme encourages students to think critically, communicate effectively, and solve problems independently. 解析：encourages students to 后面应并列三个动词原形 think、communicate 和 solve。
改正句子：The new policy is not only beneficial to businesses but also protects consumers.
答案：The new policy not only benefits businesses but also protects consumers. 或 The new policy is not only beneficial to businesses but also protective of consumers. 解析：not only...but also 两边应保持平行，可以都用动词短语，也可以都用形容词短语。
用平行结构完成句子：Technology can help schools __________, __________, and __________.
答案：Technology can help schools improve teaching quality, reduce administrative costs, and expand access to learning resources. 解析：三个并列成分均为动词短语。
判断并改正：Compared with 2005, the number of international students in 2020 was significantly higher.
答案：Compared with the number of international students in 2005, the number in 2020 was significantly higher. 解析：原句把年份和人数进行比较，比较对象不平行。
将句子改写得更学术：The city needs better buses, build more train lines, and the roads should be safer.
答案：The city needs to improve bus services, expand railway networks, and enhance road safety. 解析：改写后使用三个动词短语 improve、expand 和 enhance，结构更平行、更正式。
用 both...and 翻译：这种方法既节省时间，又降低成本。
答案：This method both saves time and reduces costs. 或 This method is both time-saving and cost-effective. 解析：第一句使用两个动词短语并列，第二句使用两个形容词并列。
选择更好的句子：A. The research focuses on climate change, energy consumption, and how people use transport. B. The research focuses on climate change, energy consumption, and transport use.
答案：B 更好。解析：B 中三个并列成分都是名词或名词短语，结构更平行，更符合学术写作风格。
用 the more..., the more... 造句，表达：人们受教育程度越高，就越可能找到稳定工作。
答案：The more educated people are, the more likely they are to find stable employment. 解析：the more..., the more... 用于表达两个变量之间的递进关系。