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infinitives
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AI 英语语法知识库
时态
Tenses
9
一般现在时
Simple Present Tense
一般将来时
Simple Future Tense
一般过去时
Simple Past Tense
现在完成时
Present Perfect Tense
现在完成进行时
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
过去完成时
Past Perfect Tense
现在进行时
Present Continuous Tense
过去进行时
Past Continuous Tense
将来进行时
Future Continuous Tense
从句
Clauses
7
定语从句
Relative Clauses
名词性从句
Noun Clauses
状语从句
Adverbial Clauses
宾语从句
Object Clauses
主语从句
Subject Clauses
同位语从句
Appositive Clauses
条件状语从句
Conditional Clauses
非谓语动词
Non-finite Verbs
6
动名词
Gerunds
不定式
Infinitives
现在分词
Present Participles
过去分词
Past Participles
非谓语作主语
Non-finite as Subject
非谓语作状语
Non-finite as Adverbial
句子结构
Sentence Structures
4
主谓宾结构
SVO Structure
并列句
Compound Sentences
复合句
Complex Sentences
平行结构
Parallel Structures
学术写作
Academic Writing
5
正式语气
Formal Tone
避免口语化
Avoiding Informal Language
学术句型
Academic Sentence Patterns
段落结构
Paragraph Structure
论证表达
Argumentative Structures
PTE 高频语法
PTE Grammar Patterns
4
Essay 高频句型
Essay Structures
SST 学术句型
SST Academic Structures
WFD 高频结构
WFD Sentence Patterns
Speaking 常用表达
Speaking Structures
非谓语动词
Non-finite Verbs
Intermediate
不定式
Infinitives
不定式通常指“to + 动词原形”,也包括不带 to 的 bare infinitive。它不受主语人称和时态限制,不能单独作句子的谓语,但可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语或宾语补足语。在 PTE Academic 和 IELTS 中,不定式常用于表达目的、计划、倾向、结果、评价和学术立场,是提升句子复杂度和语法准确性的核心结构。中国学习者需要特别注意不定式与动名词 gerund 的区别、bare infinitive 的使用条件,以及不定式的逻辑主语和被动形式。
核心语法结构
Grammar Formula
to + base verb;bare infinitive = base verb;negative infinitive = not to + base verb;passive infinitive = to be + past participle;perfect infinitive = to have + past participle
PTE 高频程度
High
AI 学习推荐
Core Grammar
适用考试
PTE / IELTS
语法结构
Grammar Structure
结构公式
to + base verb;bare infinitive = base verb;negative infinitive = not to + base verb;passive infinitive = to be + past participle;perfect infinitive = to have + past participle
不定式的基本形式是“to + 动词原形”,例如 to study, to improve, to analyze。它可以表示尚未发生、计划发生、目的性或抽象性的动作。bare infinitive 是不带 to 的动词原形,常出现在情态动词之后,或某些使役动词和感官动词之后。否定形式是在 to 前加 not,即 not to do。被动不定式表示“被做”,形式为 to be done。完成式不定式 to have done 常表示动作发生在谓语动作之前,在高分写作和阅读中较常见。
Many students aim to improve their academic writing before the exam.
许多学生目标是在考试前提高学术写作能力。
The policy is designed to reduce carbon emissions.
该政策旨在减少碳排放。
Candidates should not to memorize full essays.
错误示例:考生不应该去背诵整篇作文。
Candidates should not memorize full essays.
正确表达:考生不应该背诵整篇作文。情态动词 should 后使用 bare infinitive。
使用场景
Usage Scenarios
作宾语:跟在特定动词后
许多动词后常接不定式作宾语,表示计划、决定、希望、尝试或拒绝等含义。常见动词包括 decide, plan, hope, intend, agree, refuse, manage, fail, learn, offer。PTE 写作和口语中,这类结构可用于清晰表达目标和行动。
The researchers decided to conduct a larger survey.
研究人员决定开展一项更大规模的调查。
The government plans to invest more in public transport.
政府计划在公共交通方面投入更多资金。
作目的状语:表示“为了……”
不定式常用于说明动作目的,相当于 in order to 或 so as to。学术写作中,为了增强正式性,可以使用 in order to;但在简洁表达中,直接使用 to do 也很自然。
Many cities introduce bike-sharing schemes to reduce traffic congestion.
许多城市推出共享单车项目,以减少交通拥堵。
Students need to read widely in order to develop critical thinking skills.
学生需要广泛阅读,以培养批判性思维能力。
作主语:表达抽象行为
不定式可以作主语,但在现代英语中,更常使用形式主语 it,将真正主语不定式放在后面。该结构在 IELTS Task 2 和 PTE Essay 中非常常见。
To solve this problem requires cooperation from different sectors.
解决这个问题需要不同部门的合作。
It is essential to protect personal data in the digital age.
在数字时代,保护个人数据至关重要。
作表语:说明主语的目的或内容
不定式可放在 be 动词后作表语,用来说明计划、目标、任务或建议的内容。这种结构常用于定义目标和政策意图。
The main objective is to increase access to higher education.
主要目标是增加接受高等教育的机会。
The best solution may be to combine regulation with public education.
最佳解决方案可能是将监管与公众教育结合起来。
作定语:修饰名词
不定式可放在名词后作后置定语,表示将要做的事、可做的事或需要完成的任务。常见搭配包括 a way to do, an opportunity to do, the ability to do, a decision to do, efforts to do。
Online courses provide students with opportunities to learn independently.
在线课程为学生提供了自主学习的机会。
There is an urgent need to address income inequality.
现在迫切需要解决收入不平等问题。
作宾语补足语:verb + object + to do
一些动词后可接“宾语 + 不定式”,表示让某人做某事、鼓励某人做某事或要求某人做某事。常见动词包括 encourage, allow, require, enable, persuade, advise, expect, force。该结构在学术英语中常用于说明政策、技术或教育如何影响人的行为。
Digital tools enable learners to access information more efficiently.
数字工具使学习者能够更高效地获取信息。
Teachers often encourage students to evaluate sources critically.
教师经常鼓励学生批判性地评估信息来源。
使用 bare infinitive:不带 to 的不定式
bare infinitive 主要用于情态动词之后,如 can, may, must, should, could, would;也用于 make, let, help 以及感官动词 see, hear, watch, notice 后的某些结构中。注意:被动语态中 make 后要恢复 to,例如 be made to do。
Students should develop the ability to compare different viewpoints.
学生应该培养比较不同观点的能力。
The new policy may help reduce unemployment.
新政策可能有助于减少失业。
Employees were made to work overtime during the peak season.
员工在旺季被要求加班。
不定式的被动形式:to be done
当不定式的逻辑宾语承受动作时,使用被动不定式 to be done。该结构在学术写作中常用于客观表达,尤其适合描述政策、研究、措施和问题。
More resources need to be allocated to rural schools.
需要将更多资源分配给农村学校。
The issue has to be addressed through long-term planning.
这个问题必须通过长期规划来解决。
不定式的完成式:to have done
完成式不定式表示不定式动作发生在谓语动作之前,常见于 appear, seem, claim, be likely 等结构中。它能体现更高层次的时间关系,在阅读理解和高分写作中较常出现。
The company appears to have underestimated the environmental risks.
该公司似乎低估了环境风险。
The policy is believed to have improved access to healthcare.
人们认为该政策已经改善了医疗服务的可及性。
常见错误
Common Mistakes
Incorrect
❌ Many students want improve their speaking skills.
Correct
✅ Many students want to improve their speaking skills.
want 后需要接不定式作宾语,不能直接接动词原形。中文“想提高”没有明显的 to 标记,因此中国学习者容易漏掉 to。
Incorrect
❌ The government should to reduce pollution.
Correct
✅ The government should reduce pollution.
情态动词 should, can, must, may 后必须接 bare infinitive,即动词原形,不加 to。
Incorrect
❌ It is important protect the environment.
Correct
✅ It is important to protect the environment.
在“It is + adjective + to do”结构中,真正主语是不定式,to 不能省略。
Incorrect
❌ The teacher made students to rewrite the essay.
Correct
✅ The teacher made students rewrite the essay.
主动语态中 make + object + bare infinitive,不使用 to。但被动语态要说 students were made to rewrite the essay。
Incorrect
❌ I look forward to hear from you.
Correct
✅ I look forward to hearing from you.
look forward to 中的 to 是介词,不是不定式标志,因此后面接动名词 hearing,而不是动词原形 hear。
Incorrect
❌ The problem is difficult to be solved.
Correct
✅ The problem is difficult to solve.
在“主语 + be + adjective + to do”结构中,如果主语是 to do 的逻辑宾语,通常使用主动形式表达被动含义,如 difficult to solve, easy to understand。
Incorrect
❌ There are many measures to reducing crime.
Correct
✅ There are many measures to reduce crime.
这里 to reduce crime 是不定式作定语,修饰 measures,表示“减少犯罪的措施”。不能误用 to + doing,除非 to 是介词。
Incorrect
❌ The data is used to analyzing consumer behavior.
Correct
✅ The data is used to analyze consumer behavior.
be used to do 表示“被用来做某事”;be used to doing 表示“习惯于做某事”。这里表示用途,应使用不定式。
学术表达
Academic Patterns
It is essential to + base verb
做某事是至关重要的
It is necessary to + base verb
做某事是必要的
It is difficult to + base verb
做某事是困难的
There is a need to + base verb
有必要做某事
There is an opportunity to + base verb
有机会做某事
The purpose of this study is to + base verb
本研究的目的是做某事
The policy aims to + base verb
该政策旨在做某事
This approach enables someone to + base verb
这种方法使某人能够做某事
Efforts should be made to + base verb
应努力做某事
More resources need to be + past participle
需要将更多资源用于或分配到某事
The issue is likely to + base verb
该问题很可能会做某事或产生某种结果
The evidence appears to have + past participle
证据似乎已经表明或产生了某种结果
PTE 高频应用
PTE Usage
不定式在 PTE Academic 中出现频率很高,尤其在 Summarize Written Text, Write Essay, Re-tell Lecture, Summarize Spoken Text 和 Reading & Writing: Fill in the Blanks 中非常常见。考生需要准确识别动词搭配、目的表达、被动不定式和形式主语结构。在写作中,不定式能帮助考生构建更清晰的因果、目的和评价句;在口语中,它可以使表达更流畅、更符合学术语域。
Writing: Write Essay
Writing: Summarize Written Text
Speaking: Re-tell Lecture
Listening: Summarize Spoken Text
Reading & Writing: Fill in the Blanks
Reading: Multiple-choice, Multiple Answers
Listening: Highlight Incorrect Words
高频搭配
Common Collocations
aim to improve
旨在改善
seek to explain
试图解释
attempt to address
尝试解决
fail to consider
未能考虑
tend to increase
往往会增加
be likely to occur
很可能发生
be expected to rise
预计会上升
need to be improved
需要被改善
be designed to reduce
被设计用于减少
have the ability to adapt
有能力适应
provide an opportunity to learn
提供学习机会
make efforts to promote
努力促进
AI 学习建议
AI Learning Tips
判断 to 后面是否接动词原形时,先确认 to 是不定式标志还是介词。want to do 中的 to 是不定式标志;look forward to doing 中的 to 是介词。
在 PTE 写作中,可以用“It is + adjective + to do”快速构建学术评价句,例如 It is crucial to reduce educational inequality.
遇到情态动词 can, should, must, may, might, could 后,不要加 to,直接使用动词原形。
如果句子强调目的,优先考虑使用 to do 或 in order to do,但不要过度重复 in order to,以免表达显得机械。
写学术句时,动词 enable, allow, require, encourage 后常接“object + to do”,适合描述政策、技术或教育措施的作用。
AI 练习题
Practice Questions
Choose the correct form: The university plans ___ more online courses next year. A. offer B. to offer C. offering
答案:B. to offer。plan 后通常接不定式,表示计划做某事。正确句子是:The university plans to offer more online courses next year.
Correct the sentence: Students should to review their notes regularly.
答案:Students should review their notes regularly. should 是情态动词,后面接 bare infinitive,不加 to。
Translate into English: 保护个人隐私是必要的。
答案:It is necessary to protect personal privacy.
Choose the correct form: The new system enables users ___ data more efficiently. A. analyze B. to analyze C. analyzing
答案:B. to analyze。enable + object + to do 表示“使某人能够做某事”。
Correct the sentence: The policy is designed to reducing waste.
答案:The policy is designed to reduce waste. be designed to do 表示“旨在做某事”,to 后接动词原形。
Choose the best academic sentence: A. There is a need improve public health services. B. There is a need to improve public health services. C. There is a need improving public health services.
答案:B. There is a need to improve public health services. a need 后常接不定式作后置定语。
Rewrite using passive infinitive: The government needs to allocate more funding to rural hospitals.
答案:More funding needs to be allocated to rural hospitals. 被动不定式形式为 to be + past participle。
Identify the infinitive phrase: It is difficult to measure the long-term effects of social media.
答案:to measure the long-term effects of social media 是不定式短语,在句中作真正主语;it 是形式主语。