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past-participles
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AI 英语语法知识库
时态
Tenses
9
一般现在时
Simple Present Tense
一般将来时
Simple Future Tense
一般过去时
Simple Past Tense
现在完成时
Present Perfect Tense
现在完成进行时
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
过去完成时
Past Perfect Tense
现在进行时
Present Continuous Tense
过去进行时
Past Continuous Tense
将来进行时
Future Continuous Tense
从句
Clauses
7
定语从句
Relative Clauses
名词性从句
Noun Clauses
状语从句
Adverbial Clauses
宾语从句
Object Clauses
主语从句
Subject Clauses
同位语从句
Appositive Clauses
条件状语从句
Conditional Clauses
非谓语动词
Non-finite Verbs
6
动名词
Gerunds
不定式
Infinitives
现在分词
Present Participles
过去分词
Past Participles
非谓语作主语
Non-finite as Subject
非谓语作状语
Non-finite as Adverbial
句子结构
Sentence Structures
4
主谓宾结构
SVO Structure
并列句
Compound Sentences
复合句
Complex Sentences
平行结构
Parallel Structures
学术写作
Academic Writing
5
正式语气
Formal Tone
避免口语化
Avoiding Informal Language
学术句型
Academic Sentence Patterns
段落结构
Paragraph Structure
论证表达
Argumentative Structures
PTE 高频语法
PTE Grammar Patterns
4
Essay 高频句型
Essay Structures
SST 学术句型
SST Academic Structures
WFD 高频结构
WFD Sentence Patterns
Speaking 常用表达
Speaking Structures
非谓语动词
Non-finite Verbs
中级到高级
过去分词
Past Participles
过去分词（Past Participles）是非谓语动词的重要形式，通常表示“被动”或“完成”的含义。它可以用于完成时、被动语态、形容词化修饰名词、分词短语作后置定语、原因状语、条件状语等结构。在 PTE Academic 和 IELTS 写作、阅读与听力中，过去分词常用于压缩句子信息、提高表达的学术性，例如 the data collected、policies implemented、issues discussed。中国学习者常见问题包括把过去分词和过去式混淆、遗漏 be 动词、误用主动含义，以及不会使用过去分词短语来改写定语从句。
核心语法结构
Grammar Formula
regular verbs: verb + -ed；irregular verbs: past participle form，例如 written, taken, built, seen, found；常见结构包括 have/has/had + past participle, be + past participle, noun + past participle phrase, past participle phrase + main clause。
PTE 高频程度
高频
AI 学习推荐
Core Grammar
适用考试
PTE / IELTS
语法结构
Grammar Structure
结构公式
regular verbs: verb + -ed；irregular verbs: past participle form，例如 written, taken, built, seen, found；常见结构包括 have/has/had + past participle, be + past participle, noun + past participle phrase, past participle phrase + main clause。
过去分词本身不是完整谓语，不能单独表示时态。它必须与助动词构成完成时，或与 be 动词构成被动语态，也可以像形容词一样修饰名词。其核心语义通常有两个：第一，表示动作已经完成，例如 the completed report；第二，表示名词承受某个动作，即被动关系，例如 the report written by the researcher。在学术英语中，过去分词常用于简化定语从句，如 the results that were obtained 可简化为 the results obtained，使句子更紧凑、更正式。
The survey conducted in 2023 revealed a significant change in consumer behavior.
2023年进行的调查显示，消费者行为发生了显著变化。
The policy has been revised to address public concerns.
该政策已经被修订，以回应公众关切。
Written in clear academic language, the report is suitable for publication.
由于用清晰的学术语言写成，这份报告适合发表。
使用场景
Usage Scenarios
用于完成时：have/has/had + past participle
过去分词与 have、has 或 had 连用，构成现在完成时、过去完成时等，强调动作与某个时间点之间的联系，常用于 IELTS Task 1 描述趋势变化，也常见于 PTE Summarize Written Text 中。
The number of international students has increased steadily over the past decade.
在过去十年里，国际学生人数稳步增长。
By the time the policy was introduced, the problem had already worsened.
到该政策推出时，问题已经恶化。
用于被动语态：be + past participle
当句子重点是动作的承受者，而不是动作执行者时，使用被动语态。学术写作中被动语态常用于强调研究、数据、政策和结果，而非个人行为。
The experiment was designed to test the reliability of the new method.
该实验被设计用来测试新方法的可靠性。
Several recommendations were made based on the findings.
根据研究结果提出了若干建议。
作前置定语：past participle + noun
过去分词可以放在名词前，像形容词一样修饰名词，通常表达“已经被……的”或“处于某种状态的”含义。这类结构在阅读文章标题、图表描述和学术摘要中非常常见。
Developed countries often have more advanced healthcare systems.
发达国家通常拥有更先进的医疗体系。
A balanced diet is essential for long-term health.
均衡饮食对长期健康至关重要。
作后置定语：noun + past participle phrase
当过去分词带有宾语、状语或介词短语时，通常放在名词之后，相当于一个省略了 which/that + be 的定语从句。这是学术英语中提升句子密度的重要方式。
The data collected from rural areas were analyzed separately.
从农村地区收集的数据被单独分析。
The measures adopted by the government helped reduce unemployment.
政府采取的措施有助于降低失业率。
作状语：表示原因、条件或让步
过去分词短语可放在句首或句中，表示原因、条件、时间或让步。其逻辑主语通常与主句主语一致，并且主句主语是过去分词动作的承受者。
Given sufficient funding, the project could be completed within two years.
如果获得充足资金，该项目可以在两年内完成。
Compared with traditional methods, this approach is more cost-effective.
与传统方法相比，这种方法更具成本效益。
用于形容词化表达
许多过去分词已经形容词化，用来描述人的感受、事物状态或客观特征。需要注意，-ed 形式常描述人的感受，-ing 形式常描述事物令人产生某种感受。
Many students felt confused by the complex instructions.
许多学生对复杂的说明感到困惑。
The participants were satisfied with the training programme.
参与者对培训项目感到满意。
常见错误
Common Mistakes
Incorrect
❌ The report was write by the committee.
Correct
✅ The report was written by the committee.
被动语态必须使用 be + past participle。write 的过去分词是不规则形式 written，不能用原形 write，也不能只用过去式 wrote。
Incorrect
❌ The data collected from the survey is reliable.
Correct
✅ The data collected from the survey are reliable.
在正式学术英语中，data 通常被视为复数，因此谓语动词应使用 are。过去分词短语 collected from the survey 只是后置定语，不决定主谓一致。
Incorrect
❌ The problem discussed it in the meeting was serious.
Correct
✅ The problem discussed in the meeting was serious.
过去分词短语作后置定语时，名词 the problem 已经是 discussed 的逻辑宾语，不能再加 it。中文学习者常受“讨论它”的表达影响而重复宾语。
Incorrect
❌ Because affected by pollution, many species disappeared.
Correct
✅ Affected by pollution, many species disappeared.
过去分词短语作原因状语时，通常不直接与 because 连用。若要使用 because，应写成 because they were affected by pollution。
Incorrect
❌ The government has took several actions.
Correct
✅ The government has taken several actions.
完成时结构是 have/has + past participle。take 的过去分词是 taken，不是过去式 took。
Incorrect
❌ Compared to last year, the company increased its profit.
Correct
✅ Compared with last year, the company's profit increased.
Compared with/to 引导的分词短语，其逻辑主语应与主句主语一致。被比较的是 profit，而不是 company 本身，因此应调整主句主语，避免 dangling participle。
Incorrect
❌ The students were boring during the lecture.
Correct
✅ The students were bored during the lecture.
bored 表示“感到无聊的”，描述人的感受；boring 表示“令人无聊的”，描述事物特征。这里主语是 students，应使用 bored。
学术表达
Academic Patterns
The data collected from X indicate that ...
从X收集的数据表明……
The results obtained from the study suggest that ...
该研究获得的结果表明……
The measures implemented by the government have led to ...
政府实施的措施已经导致……
Compared with previous studies, this research provides ...
与以往研究相比，本研究提供了……
Given the limited evidence, it is difficult to conclude that ...
鉴于证据有限，很难得出……的结论。
The issue discussed above is closely related to ...
上述讨论的问题与……密切相关。
The approach adopted in this paper aims to ...
本文采用的方法旨在……
Resources allocated to education can improve ...
分配给教育的资源能够改善……
PTE 高频应用
PTE Usage
过去分词在 PTE Academic 中非常常见，尤其出现在 Read Aloud、Repeat Sentence、Summarize Written Text、Write Essay、Reading Fill in the Blanks 和 Listening Fill in the Blanks 中。考生需要识别过去分词与谓语动词的区别，判断被动语态、完成时和后置定语结构。在写作中，恰当使用过去分词短语可以减少冗余从句，提高语法多样性和信息密度，例如将 the policies that were implemented by the government 改为 the policies implemented by the government。
Read Aloud：准确朗读过去分词结尾 -ed，包括 /t/、/d/、/ɪd/ 的发音差异
Repeat Sentence：听辨完成时和被动语态，如 has been developed, was introduced
Summarize Written Text：用过去分词短语压缩原文信息，形成一句完整复杂句
Write Essay：使用被动语态和后置分词短语表达客观观点
Reading Fill in the Blanks：根据语法位置判断应填过去分词、过去式还是形容词
Listening Fill in the Blanks：注意不规则过去分词的拼写，如 written, chosen, driven, found
高频搭配
Common Collocations
collected data
收集到的数据
published research
已发表的研究
implemented policy
已实施的政策
developed countries
发达国家
limited resources
有限资源
written instructions
书面说明
required skills
所需技能
established theory
已确立的理论
reduced costs
降低的成本
improved performance
提升后的表现
AI 学习建议
AI Learning Tips
判断过去分词时，先看它是否与名词构成被动关系。例如 the book written by the author 中，book 是“被写”的对象，因此 written 是过去分词。
写作中可以把 which/that + be 定语从句压缩成过去分词短语，例如 the method that was used in the study 可改为 the method used in the study。
不要把过去式和过去分词混为一谈。过去式可单独作谓语，如 The policy changed；过去分词通常需要助动词或用于修饰，如 has changed, the changed policy。
遇到句首过去分词短语时，检查主句主语是否是该动作的承受者。若逻辑主语不一致，句子会出现 dangling participle。
AI 练习题
Practice Questions
将句子改写为使用过去分词后置定语：The report that was written by the research team highlights several risks.
答案：The report written by the research team highlights several risks.
选择正确形式：The policy has been (introduce / introduced / introducing) to reduce traffic congestion.
答案：introduced。句子是现在完成被动结构 has been + past participle。
判断并改错：The information provided it by the university is useful.
答案：错误。应改为：The information provided by the university is useful. 过去分词 provided 已经修饰 information，不能再加 it。
用过去分词短语翻译：与传统教学方法相比，在线学习更加灵活。
答案：Compared with traditional teaching methods, online learning is more flexible.
选择正确表达：The students were (confusing / confused) by the new assessment criteria.
答案：confused。学生是感到困惑的人，应使用 -ed 形式。
改写为更学术的表达：The government used several strategies, and these strategies improved public health.
答案：The strategies adopted by the government improved public health.
填空：The results ______ from the experiment support the original hypothesis. 使用 obtain 的正确形式。
答案：obtained。The results obtained from the experiment support the original hypothesis.
判断逻辑是否正确并改写：Compared with last month, the company sold more products.
答案：逻辑不够准确。可改为：Compared with last month, product sales increased. 被比较的是销量，而不是公司本身。